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Pulkkinen, Lea Kaprio, Jaakko Dick, Danielle M. Yan, Jia Aliev, Fazil Lansford, Jennifer E. Intergenerational Continuity in Parentsâ€™ and Adolescentsâ€™ Externalizing Problems: The Role of Life Events and their Interaction with GABRA 2 Our findings support the disinhibition theory of alcohol dependence, suggesting that gender differences in social norms, constraints and opportunities, and behavioral undercontrol may explain men and womenâ€™s distinct patterns of association. Higher levels of positive life events were protective for men with the high-risk genotype, but not among men with the low-risk genotype or women, regardless of genotype. Significant direct effects of variables of interest were identified, as well as gender-specific moderation of genetic risk on this SNP by social experiences. The current study examined the influence of gender, negative and positive daily life events, and GABRA 2 genotype ( SNP rs 279871) on alcohol dependence, testing two- and three-way interactions between these variables using multilevel regression models fit to data from 2,281 White participants in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism.

Gender-moderated geneâ€“environment interactions are rarely explored, raising concerns about inaccurate specification of etiological models and inferential errors.

Bucholz, Kathleen Edenberg, Howard Kramer, John Kuperman, Samuel Schuckit, Marc Alan Nurnberger, John I. Gender-Specific Geneâ€“Environment Interaction in Alcohol Dependence: The Impact of Daily Life Events and GABRA 2

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